1.1.名词

1.1.名词

1️⃣ 名词分类

1.1.1.专有名词

  • 专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称
  • 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写
    Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China
  • 专有名词如含有普通名词的短语,必须用定冠词the
    the Great Wall 长城
  • 姓氏名采用复数形式
    the Greens 格林一家人

1.1.2.普通名词

  • 普通名词: 是许多人或事物的共有名称 pupil, family, man, foot

1.2.1.可数名词

  • 可数名词是可以用数词进行计算的名词

box, child, orange

1.2.2.不可数名词

  • 不可数名词是不可以数词进行计数的名词

water, news, oil

2️⃣ 单数-复数

规则

  • +s map->maps, boy->bodys, horse->horses, table->tables
  • s, o, x, sh, ch 结尾的词加es class->classes, box->boxes, hero->heroes, dish->dishes bench->benches
    【注】:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s photo->photos, piano->pianos
  • 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es family->families, city->cities, party->parties
  • 以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es shelf->shelves, wolf->wolves, life->lives, knife->knives

不规则

man->men
woman->women
sheep->sheep
tooth->teeth

  • 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词 a bag of rice -> two bags of rice
    a piece of paper -> three pieces of paper
    a bottle of milk -> five bootles of milk

3️⃣ 名词所有格

含义: 表示所属关系,相当于物主代词; 在句中做定义、宾语或主语

  • 表示人或其它有声明的东西的名词常在词尾加’s
    Children’s Day 儿童节
  • 以s或es结尾的复数名词.只在词尾加’
    Teachers’ Day 教师节
    the cimate in sy is colder than other ‘s cities
  • 有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无声明的名词,在词尾加’s
    today’s newspaper 今天的报纸
  • 无论表示有生命韩式无生命的东西的名词,一般均可以用介词of短语来表示所有关系
    a fine dauthter of the Party 党的好女儿
  • ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺
    my aunt’s 我阿姨家
    the doctor’s 诊所
  • 两个共有某物时,可以采用A and B’s的形式
    Lucy and Lily’s bedroom
  • 双重所有格: “of + 名词所有格/名词性物主代词”
    a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友
    a friend of mine 我的一位朋友

4️⃣ 主谓一致

  • 主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式
    The computer was a great invention 计算机是个了不起的发明
    The water in the glass is very cold 玻璃杯里的水很冷

  • 集体名词做主语

    • 表示整体概念 谓语用单数形式
      Class Three is a very good class 三班是好班
    • 表示其中的所有成员,谓语用复数形式
      Class Three have a map of China 三班有张中国地图
    • Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数
      There is a sheep in the yard 院子里有只绵羊
      There are some sheep in the yard 院子里有一些绵羊
    • 有s结尾,但不是复数,谓语动词用单数
      The news is very exciting 这个消息令人兴奋
    • glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves 等名词常用复数形式, 谓语用复数
      The trousers are very cheap and i want to take them 裤子很便宜，我想买
    • a lot of 跟名词复数时谓语用单数形式，跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式
      A lot of students are playing baseball now A lot of time was wasted on that work
    • and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语多用复数；但两个名词构成一个整体食物时，谓语则用单数
      The teacher and his son are picking apples now
      Fish and chips is very famous food
    • there be 就近原则
      There is a table and four chairs in the room
    • 用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数
      Both you and i are required to be here tomorrow
    • 主语中有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定
      a woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road
    • either…or…或者neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语就近原则
      Either you or he is right
      Neither you nor i am going there
    • 表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数
      Two months is not a short tim
      Two thousand kilomenters is quite a long distance
    • 主语中含有half of …/ (three quarters) of … / all (of) the …等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定
      Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English
    • 补充: 主谓一致 “就近原则”
        there be 
    neither ... nor  
    either ... or
    not only ... but also
    not ... but
    • 补充: 主谓一致 “就远原则”
     as well as; (together/along) with; rather than; except; besides; but; including; in addition to; apart from 
   
 The president of the college， together with the deans， is planning a conference for the
 purpose of laying down certain regulations

5️⃣ 单复数意义不同的名词